Wednesday, June 17, 2009
Wednesday, June 10, 2009
motivacia. Temis arCeva upirveles yovlisa ganapiroba Cvenma daintersebam sabanko saqmis mimarT, romelic agreTve Cvens momaval profesiad gvesaxeba. Cveni interesi imiTac aris ganpirobebuli, rom maT didi roli akisriaT adamianTa socialuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebaSi, dRevandel saqarTveloSi ki es Tema metad aqtualuria vinaidan irgvliv uamravi umuSevari da socialurad daucveli adamiania. sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi yovel mewarmes biznesmens, Tu sxvadasxva profesiis adamianebs aqvT urTierToba bankTan, aqedan gamomdinare mis efeqtur muSaobazea damokidebuli, aramarto warmatebuli biznesmenebisTvis sxvadasxva kreditebiT Tu saSualebebiT daxmareba, aramed ubralo adamianTaTvis Sansis micema, rom maTac ganaxorcielon TavianTi ideebi, saerTo jamSi ki es yvelaferi xels uwyobs qveyanaSi socialuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas. ekonomikis ganviTareba da winsvla, sabanko saqme Tanamedrove qarTul ekonomikaSi kidev imiTaa aqtualuri, rom isini warmoadgenen safinanso institutebs, romlebic mTavar rols asruleben ekonomikuri krizisis dazlevaSi da inflaciis SemcirebaSi.
bankebi erT-erT uZveles da yvelaze ufro gavrcelebul sakredito dawesebulebebis jgufs miekuTvnebian. isini warmoadgenen safinanso sakredito da samewarmeo saqmianobis mTavar meqanizms. banki SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc sawarmoo an fulad-sakredito instituti, romelic sagadamxdelo brunvis regulirebas naRdi da unaRdo formebiT axorcielebs. banki ufro savaWro-saSuamavlo sawarmoa, vidre samrewvelo.
roli da ZiriTadi funqciebi. saxelmwifosaTvis umniSvnelovanes dargs ganekuTvneba sabanko saqme, romlis gareSe msoflio Tanamegobrobis wevrad da ganviTarebul saxelmwifod Camoyalibeba dRes faqtobrivad SeuZlebelia. bankebs didi zegavlena aqvT qveynis ekonomikasa da politikaze.
maT didi roli eniWebaT ekonomikuri mdgradobis miRwevaSi, emsaxurebian sazogadoebis interesebs da ganageben udides fulad kapitals. sabanko sistema sabazro ekonomikis erT-erT urTules sferos warmoadgens, sabazro urTierTobebi ki warmoudgenelia fulad sakredito sistemis aqtiuri funqcionirebis gareSe. sabanko sistema sabazro ekonomikis praqtikulad nebismier sferoze uSualod zemoqmedebs. dRevandeli sabanko industria urTules fulad-sakredito ekonomikur meqanizms warmoadgens, romelic mTeli ekonomikuri sistemis qmediTunarianobis ganmsazRvrelia. banks sawarmoebis, organizaciebisa da mosaxleobis safinanso-sakredito momsaxureobis, sameurneo struqturebis ganviTarebaSi mniSvnelovani roli eniWeba. bankebi sabazro ekonomikis centralur rgols warmoadgenen, isini saxelmwifo organizaciebTan, sxvadasxva socialur gaerTianebebTan da calkeul moqalaqeebTan mudmivad urTierTqmedeben.
qveynis ekonomikuri da finansuri mdgomareoba bankebze damokidebulia sami mniSvnelovani aspeqtiT:
a) bankebs ukaviaT centraluri adgili sagadamxdelo meqanizmSi, romelic emsaxureba Sinameurneobas, samTavrobo struqturebsa da samewarmeo sferos;
b) bankebi iReben procentian da uprocento depozitebs. isini mTlianad unda iyos ukan dabrunebuli moTxovnisTanave; es saxsrebi sazogadoebis finansuri aqtivebis nawils Seadgens;
g) sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi bankebi asruleben wamyvan rols finansuri resursebis gadanawilebaSi, axorcieleben saSuamavlo funqcias deponentebsa da potenciuri msesxeblebs Soris.
anabrebis miReba da Senaxva. adamianebi Tavis danazogebs bankebsa da Semnaxvel institutebSi abareben vinaidan ician, maT fuli daubrindebaT, rogorc ki moisurveben. xanZrisa da qurdobisagan fulis dacvis garda, bankebi da Semnaxveli institutebi Tavis klientebs anabrebis dazRvevasac sTavazoben.
sesxebis gacema. bankebisa da Semnaxveli institutebis mTavar funqcias “finansuri Suamavlis,” anu sesxis gamcemTa da sesxis amRebTa urTierTobis makordinebeli bazris rolis Sesruleba warmoadgens. am funqcias isini fulis meanabreTagan (anu maTgan, visac fulis gadadeba surs momavalSi gamosayeneblad) sesxis amRebTaTavis (maTTvis visac fulis gamoyeneba axlave surs ) gadacemiT asruleben. bankebi da Semnaxveli institutebi amas sawarmoebisa da momxmareblebisaTvis sesxebis gacemiT axorcieleben. am sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis momsaxurebas fulic moaqvs. sasesxo procenti bankebisa da Semnaxveli institutebis Semosavlis umTavresi wyaroa. sanacvlod amgvari sesxebi sawarmoebis mimdinare angariSebis gadaxdasa da saqmianobis gafarToebis dafinansebaSi exmareba. sesxebi saSualebas aZlevs mosaxleobas saqoneli da momsaxureba axlave miiRon, maTi safasuri ki momavali Semosavlidan gadaixadon.
Tanxebis dagroveba da gadaricxva. klientis saCeko angariSebis marTva bevri bankis erT-erTi ZiriTadi funqciaa, riTac isini didad sasargeblo saqmes akeTeben, rogorc sawarmoTaTvis, ise calkeul pirTaTvis.
amrigad, am safinanso institutebis ZiriTadi daniSnulebaa, kreditorebidan msesxeblebamde da gamyidvelebidan myidvelebamde fuladi saxsrebis gadaadgilebaSi Suamavloba. efeqturi da konkurentuli finansuri sistema, sabanko regulireba, unda qmnides efeqtur da konkurentul garemoebas da eswrafvodes adekvaturi donis sabanko momsaxurebis ganxorcielebis miRwevas qveynis maStabiT. am safinanso ინსტიტუტიs ძირითადი ფუნქციებია: ფულადი სახსრების თავმოყრა, კრედიტების გაცემა, ფულადი ანგარიშსწორებები, მიმოქცევაში განსაზღვრული სახეობისა და რაოდენობის ფულის გაშვება, ფასიანი ქაღალდების ემისია და სხვა.
sabanko saqmis istoria. imisaTvis rom gavigoT arsi nebismieri ekonomikuri gamovlinebisa aucilebelia vicodeT misi ganviTarebis istoria. banki warmoiSva saqonlur-fulad uTierTobaTa ganviTarebis Sedegad. maT ganviTarebis didi da rTuli gza ganvles. misi warmoSoba Tavisi sawyisebiT uSualodaa dakavSirebuli, ama Tu im saxelmwifoSi vaWrobis da ekonomikis ganviTarebasTan da rogorc wesi civilizaciebis ganviTarebis proporciulad izrdeboda da ixveweboda am saqmianobis stili da saSualebebi. sasesxo sakredito saqmianobis adreuli SemTxvevebi dafiqsirebulia babilonSi, aseve asureTSi da mesopotamiaSi, Zv.w. VI saukuneSi. Hhamurabis kanonebis mixedviT sabanko operaciebi maSinac xorcieldeboda Taviseburi Tamasuqis da Cekis saxiT, sesxi-fuladi formis garda xorcieldeboda agreTve barteruli gacvla. Aam periodisaTvis sesxi gaicemoda samefo saganZuridan, Semdeg wlebSi ukve kerZo pirebsac miecaT imis ufleba, rom ewarmoebinaT sabanko saqme. Zvel saberZneTSi Cv.w aR-mde VI-VII saukuneebis mijnaze, aTenis ekonomikis ganviTarebis kvalobaze warmoiSva bankirTa prototipuli kerZo vaWarTa fena, romlebic Sesanaxad iRebdnen monetebs, Zvirfaseulobas da axdendnen procentebis gadaxdas depozitorTa sasargeblod. Zv.w II-I saukuneSi, romSi, Seiqmna sagadasaxado-safinanso institutebi, romelebic iRebdnen gadasaxadebs, awarmoebdnen angariSebs sakuTari klientebis sasargeblod, sazRauriT axdnendnen fulis gadaxurdavebas da sesxebis gacemas.
bankis warmoSoba win uswrebs fulis wamoSobas. Sua saukuneebSi
fulisa da simdidris Sesanaxad usafrTxo adgili iyo eklesia-monastrebi. aseve cnobilia, rom im droisaTvis arsebobda Taviseburi Tamasuqi da Ceki. Ffulis ZiriTadi forma im droisaTvis oqrosa da vercxlis monetebi iyo, romlebic satareblad mouxerxebelia. komerciuli operaciebi ufro usafrTxo da mosaxerxebeli rom gaexadaT xalxma daiwyo monetebis Cabareba adgilobrivi oqromWedlebisTvis, romlebic maT sanacvlod miRebis damadasturebel qviTrebs iZleodnen. adamianebi iRebdnen am qviTrebs radganac icodnen, rom nebismier dros SeeZloT waredginaT isini da Tavsi anabrebi ukan gamoeTxovaT. Aamgvari qviTrebis gamoyenebis gavrcelebam safuZveli Cauyara qaRaldis fulis yvelaze adreul formas dasvleT evropaSi.
pirveli Tanamedrove banki daarsda italiaSi qalaq genuaSi, 1406 wels, romelic wminda giorgis saxles atarebda. italiur enaSi banko, merxs, daxls, savaWros niSnavs. zarafebi da mevaxSeebi merxze atarebdnen TavianT operaciebs.
XVIII saukunis bolos e.w. samrewvelo revoluciam Sedegad is moitana, rom sul ufro met adamians gauCnda danazogi fuli, sxvebs ki-masze moTxovna, raTa warmoebaSi daebandebinaT. swored amitom, XVIII saukunidan iwyeba komerciuli bankebis ganviTareba. maTgan pirvels warmoadgenda Zmebi beringebis banki (Barings Bank). im periodidan dawyebuli, bankebi aRaraa is adgili, sadac TavianTi danazogi mxolod mdidar vaWrebs da Tavadebs SehqondaT. es tradicia warsuls Cabarda axla banks ubralod adamianebic akiTxaven.
Tbilisis saTavadaznauro-saadgimamulo banki aseve qarTuli banki daarsda 1874 wels ilia WavWavaZis TaosnobiT. Senoba, romelSic banki mdebareobda amJamad saqarTvelos parlamentis erovnuli biblioTekis I korpusia moTavsebuli. aRniSnuli banki xels uwyobda saqarTveloSi kapitalisturi urTierTobebis Camoyalibebas, emsaxureboda miwadmoqmedTa saerTo interesebs, afinansebda kulturul dawesebulebebs. amJamad saqarTvelos sabanko sistema orsafexuriani universaluri struqturaa, romelic moicavs monetaruli politikis warmmarTvel da maregulirebel organos_erovnul banks da komerciul banks.
komerciulma bankebma Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi sul 10-12 welia rac warmoqmna daiwyes da es umoklesi istoriuli drois monakveTi swrafi ganviTarebiT gaiares. saqarTvelos sabanko sistemam Tanamedrove etapze sakmaod soliduri baza SeiZina fuladi, sakredito, savaluto-safinanso da sxva operaciebis mxriv, romelic ekonomikaSi sabazro elementebis damkvidrebas uzrunvelyofs. sabazro ekonomikis moTxovnebis Sesatyvisi Tanamedrove sabanko sistemis Seqmna Tanamedrove etapze da momavalSic qarTuli ekonomikis strategiuli mizania.
yvela momsaxureba xorcieldeba msoflioSi miRebuli saerTaSoriso sabanko praqtikis Sesabamisad. dRes bankebi ara marto mxolod fulis Semnaxvelis rolis Semsruleblebi arian, aramed fulis mimoqcevisa da sakredito urTierTobebs uweven organizebas, isini fasiani qaRaldebis yidva gayidvas, sadazRvevo operaciebs, saSuamavlo urTierTobebs, qonebis marTvas axorcieleben.
nawilobrivi rezervebis sabanko sistemis Seqmna. rodesac pirveli erovnuli banki iqmneba, Tavdapirvelad is mxolod depozitur instituts warmoadgens. es imas niSnavs rom banki depozitebs iRebs, magram sexebs ar gascems. bankis ganviTarebis am etapze misi mizani aris depozitorebisaTvis fulis Sesanaxi usafrTxo adgilis uzrunvelyofa.
depozitebs, romelTac banki iRebs magram sesxad ar gascems rezervebi ewodeba. SemdgomSi, vinaidan bankis samuSao dRis ganmavlobaSi Setanili fulis raodenoba umetes SemTxvevaSi aRemateba bankidan gatanili fulis raodenobas, bankis damfuZneblebi iReben gadawyvetilebas depozitebis garkveuli nawilis (garkveuli sargebelis sanacvlod) gasesxebasTan dakavSirebiT. ise rom bankidan fulis gatanis msurvelTa moTxovnebic iqnes dakmayofilebuli. usafrTxoebis damatebiTi zomebis saxiT, banki itovebs depozitebis garkveul nawils. am Tanxebs ki bankis nawilobrivi rezervebi ewodeba. rezervebis raodenoba, romelic bankma xeluxleblad unda Seinaxos, gamoixateba bankis mTliani depozitebis wiliT, rasac rezervebis nomra ewodeba. amgavrad, rodesac banki rezervSi depozitebis mxolod nawils inaxavs, amiT is fuls qmnis. fulis im raodenobas, romelsac sabanko sistema qmnis rezervebis TiToeluli dolaridan, fuladi multiplikatori ewodeba. magram, es imas ar niSnavs rom bankebs SeuZliaT usazxvro mogeba miiRon. rac ufro maRalia rezervis norma miT, ufro naklebis gasesxeba SeuZlia banks, da piriqiT. ase magaliTad, Tu banks 1 milioni dolaris anabrebi aqvs, rezervis norma ki 15% procentia maSin is valdebulia rezervSi 150 000 dolari Seinaxos. danarCeni 850 aTasi dolari ki SeuZlia sxvadasxva saxiT gaasesxos. rezervis norma, rom 25 procenti iyos, maSin rezervSi Sesanaxi iqneboda 250 000 dolari, bankis kreditunarianoba ki 750 000 dolaramde Semcirdeboda.
komerciuli da erovnuli bankis TanamSromloba. saqarTveloSi moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT, komerciuli banki ganisazRvreba, rogorc erovnuli bankis mier licenzirebuli iuridiuli piri, romelic iRebs depozitebs da maTi meSveobiT Tavisi saxeliT awarmoebs kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvrul sabanko saqmianobas.
bankebi moqmedeben sakuTari komerciuli interesiT da isini Tavisufalni arian yoveldRiuri gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi. zogadad sabanko saqme aRiarebulia, rogorc sajaro interesebidan gamomdinare saqmianoba.
sabanko sistema aerTianebs or ZiriTad jgufs:
1) saemisio anu centraluri banki.
2) arasaemisio anu komerciuli banki.
“komerciuli bankebis saqmianobis Sesaxeb’’ saqarTvelos kanonis 2.1 muxlis Tanaxmad komerciuli bankis dafuZnebis msurvelebma jer unda Camoayalibon saaqcio sazogadoeba da Semdeg mimarTos licenzirebis gamcem organos sabanko saqmianobis licenziis misaRebad.
ÓÀØdResdReisobiT saqarTveloSi sabanko saqmianobas eweva 19 komerciuli, banki, maTgan aqtivebiT yvelaze msxvili bankebi arian: saqarTvelos banki, Tbs banki, prokredit banki, tao banki, bazisbanki da sxvebi. saqarTveloSi arsebul yvela komerciul banks zedamxedvelobas uwevs saqarTvelos erovnuli banki, rac saqarTvelos konstituciis 95-e, 96-e muxlebiT da saqarTvelos organuli kanonis ‘’saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis Sesaxeb’’ aris gansazRvruli. sabanko saqmianobis zedamxedvelobis mizania saqarTveloSi moqmedi komerciuli bankebisa da ucxoeTis bankebis filialebis saqmianobis regulirebis meSveobiT sabanko sistemis stabiluri finqcionirebis uzrunvelyofa.
erovnuli bankis ZiriTadi funqciebia:
a) SeimuSaos, miiRos da ganaxorcielos saxelmwifoSi fulad-sakredito politika;
b) SeimuSaos, miiRos da ganaxorcielos saqarTvelos savaluto politika;
g) ganaxorcielos sabanko saqmianobisa da bankebTan arsebuli valutis gamcvleli punqtebis licenzireba da zedamxedveloba;
d) flobdes, inaxavdes da gankargavdes oficialur saerTaSoriso rezervebs; iyos saqarTvelos bankiri, mrCeveli da fiskaluri agenti;
v) xels uwyobdes sagadasaxado sistemis efeqtian funqcionirebas;
z) xels uwyobdes saimedo da mdgradi safinanso-sakredito sistemis Camoyalibebas meanabreTa interesebis dacvis mizniT.
ÅËÏregulirebisa da kontrolis aucilebloba upirvelesad ganpirobebulia sabanko saqmianobis SesaZleblobebiT: uzarmazari kapitalis koncentraciisa da aseTive uzarmazari kapitaldabandebebis ganmaxorcielebel organizaciul warmonaqmns, saxelmwifos mxridan udavod esaWiroeba zedamxedveloba da kontroli. garda amisa, Tanamedrove sabanko zedamxedvelobas gaaCnia sruliad da naTlad gamokveTili miznebi, romlebsac ganekuTvneba: depozitorTa dacva, bankebis meSveobiT finansuri angariSsworebis ganxorcielebam, komersantebis, sawarmoebis da kerZo pirTa fuladi Tanxebis mniSvnelovani nawilis bankebisaTvis mindobam warmoSva amgavri regulirebis auclebloba
Tanamedrove komerciuli bankebi iseTi bankebia, romlebic warmoebisa da organizaciebis, aseve mosaxleobis uSualo momsaxurebas axorcieleben. sakuTrebis formis miuxedavad komerciuli bankebi ekonomikis damoukidebel subieqts warmoadgenen. maTi urTierTobebi klientebTan komerciul xasiaTs atarebs. komerciuli bankebis funqcionirebis ZiriTadi mizania maqsimaluri mogebis miReba.
nebismieri komerciuli banki licenziis misaRebad mimarTavs saqarTvelos erovnul banks, romelic gadawyvetilebas iRebs licenziis miniWeba ar miniWebis Sesaxeb araugvianes erTi Tvis vadisa. aseve erovnuli banki ganusazRvravs komerciul banks sazedamxedvelo kapitals. Tu romelime komerciul bankis saqmianobaSi SeiniSneba kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli darRvevebi an gauaresda bankis finansuri mdgomareoba, maSin erovnuli banki valdebulia daniSnos droebiTi administracia. droebiT administraciaze gadadis komerciuli bankis yvela organos, maT Soris aqcionerTa saerTo krebis sruli uflebamosileba. droebiTi administracia valdebulia miiRos yvela zoma komerciuli bankis finansuri mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad. sabanko licenziis gauqmebiT xdeba bankis likvidacia. likvidatoris funqcias asrulebs erovnuli bankis mier daniSnuli piri.
sabanko seqtori erT-erTi yvelaze ufro ganviTarebuli da dinamiuria saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi. amaze metyvelebs isic, rom ukanaskneli xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi, sabanko momsaxurebis nusxa mkveTrad gaizarda. kerZo pirebisa da kompaniebis sadepozito anabrebi 25-30%-iT izrdeba yovelwliurad. bankebi aqtivebze 3-5% sargebels iReben, xolo investiciebze ki 14-18%.
saqarTvelos xuTi umsxvilesi komerciuli bankidan wminda aqtivebis mixedviT, oTxi bankis (“saqarTvelos banki”, “Ti-bi-si banki”, “gaerTianebuli qarTuli banki”, da “saqarTvelos mikrosafinanso banki”) sawesdebo kapitalSi germanuli kapitali monawileobs. saqarTvelos komerciuli bankebis aqcionerebad ukve gvevlinebian germaniaSi cnobili kompaniebi: germaniis ganviTarebis saxelmwifo banki, komercbanki, germanuli investiciebisa da ganviTarebis sazogadoeba, martin baueri da saerTaSoriso mikro-sainvesticio kompania_germaniis sainvesticio fondi. aqcioneris finansuri siZliere uSualo kavSirSia bankis saimedoobasTan, mas SeuZlia SesaZlo sirTuleebis SemTxvevaSi komerciul banks aRmouCinos finansuri Tu mmarTvelobiTi mxardaWera..
dasavleTSi wamyvani bankebis garkveuli saxiT Semosvlam saqarTvelos sfinanso institutebSi xeli Seuwyo saxelmwifoSi sabanko seqtoris ganviTarebas, amaze metyvelebs isic rom saqarTvelos zogierTi komerciuli bankebi gaxdnen saerTaSoriso jildos mflobelni safinanso sferoSi. magaliTad aseTi bankia „saqarTvelos banki“, romelic 2008 wels jer saqarTveloSi gaxda saukeTeso bankis jildos mflobeli SemdegSi ki gamocema Global Finance-dan. Global Finance erT-erTo wamyvani saerTaSoriso gamocemaa globaluri kapitalis bazrebis Sesaxeb. igi 1987 wlidan ibeWdeba da ukve 15 welia yovelwliurad aqveynebs ganviTarebadi bazrebis saukeTeso bankebis sias aziis regionSi, 20 qveynis masStabiT. igi saukeTeso bankad or nominaciaSi_“ucxouri valutis yidva-gayidva” da “vaWrobis dafinanseba”_dasaxelda. igi dajildovebulia Euromoney-sgan, The Banker-isganac. saqarTvelos sabanko sferoSi Semosulia sxvadasxva dasavluri bankebi, romlebic xels uwyoben bankTa likvidurobas da kidev ufro ganviTarebas.
daskvna. saqarTveloSi sabanko industriis institucionaluri ganviTarebis erT-erT prioritetad saerTaSoriso organizaciebi depozitebis dazRvevis institutis SemoRebas miiCneven. depozitebis dazRvevis sistemis SemoRebam xeli unda Seuwyos depozitebis zrdas sabanko sistemaSi da mis stabilur ganviTarebas. saerTaSoriso sabanko praqtika cxadyofs, rom im qveynebSi sadac depozitebis dazRvevis sistemebi SemoiRes mniSvnelovnad gaizarda ndoba sabanko dawesebulebebisadmi.
bankebi erT-erT uZveles da yvelaze ufro gavrcelebul sakredito dawesebulebebis jgufs miekuTvnebian. isini warmoadgenen safinanso sakredito da samewarmeo saqmianobis mTavar meqanizms. banki SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc sawarmoo an fulad-sakredito instituti, romelic sagadamxdelo brunvis regulirebas naRdi da unaRdo formebiT axorcielebs. banki ufro savaWro-saSuamavlo sawarmoa, vidre samrewvelo.
roli da ZiriTadi funqciebi. saxelmwifosaTvis umniSvnelovanes dargs ganekuTvneba sabanko saqme, romlis gareSe msoflio Tanamegobrobis wevrad da ganviTarebul saxelmwifod Camoyalibeba dRes faqtobrivad SeuZlebelia. bankebs didi zegavlena aqvT qveynis ekonomikasa da politikaze.
maT didi roli eniWebaT ekonomikuri mdgradobis miRwevaSi, emsaxurebian sazogadoebis interesebs da ganageben udides fulad kapitals. sabanko sistema sabazro ekonomikis erT-erT urTules sferos warmoadgens, sabazro urTierTobebi ki warmoudgenelia fulad sakredito sistemis aqtiuri funqcionirebis gareSe. sabanko sistema sabazro ekonomikis praqtikulad nebismier sferoze uSualod zemoqmedebs. dRevandeli sabanko industria urTules fulad-sakredito ekonomikur meqanizms warmoadgens, romelic mTeli ekonomikuri sistemis qmediTunarianobis ganmsazRvrelia. banks sawarmoebis, organizaciebisa da mosaxleobis safinanso-sakredito momsaxureobis, sameurneo struqturebis ganviTarebaSi mniSvnelovani roli eniWeba. bankebi sabazro ekonomikis centralur rgols warmoadgenen, isini saxelmwifo organizaciebTan, sxvadasxva socialur gaerTianebebTan da calkeul moqalaqeebTan mudmivad urTierTqmedeben.
qveynis ekonomikuri da finansuri mdgomareoba bankebze damokidebulia sami mniSvnelovani aspeqtiT:
a) bankebs ukaviaT centraluri adgili sagadamxdelo meqanizmSi, romelic emsaxureba Sinameurneobas, samTavrobo struqturebsa da samewarmeo sferos;
b) bankebi iReben procentian da uprocento depozitebs. isini mTlianad unda iyos ukan dabrunebuli moTxovnisTanave; es saxsrebi sazogadoebis finansuri aqtivebis nawils Seadgens;
g) sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi bankebi asruleben wamyvan rols finansuri resursebis gadanawilebaSi, axorcieleben saSuamavlo funqcias deponentebsa da potenciuri msesxeblebs Soris.
anabrebis miReba da Senaxva. adamianebi Tavis danazogebs bankebsa da Semnaxvel institutebSi abareben vinaidan ician, maT fuli daubrindebaT, rogorc ki moisurveben. xanZrisa da qurdobisagan fulis dacvis garda, bankebi da Semnaxveli institutebi Tavis klientebs anabrebis dazRvevasac sTavazoben.
sesxebis gacema. bankebisa da Semnaxveli institutebis mTavar funqcias “finansuri Suamavlis,” anu sesxis gamcemTa da sesxis amRebTa urTierTobis makordinebeli bazris rolis Sesruleba warmoadgens. am funqcias isini fulis meanabreTagan (anu maTgan, visac fulis gadadeba surs momavalSi gamosayeneblad) sesxis amRebTaTavis (maTTvis visac fulis gamoyeneba axlave surs ) gadacemiT asruleben. bankebi da Semnaxveli institutebi amas sawarmoebisa da momxmareblebisaTvis sesxebis gacemiT axorcieleben. am sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis momsaxurebas fulic moaqvs. sasesxo procenti bankebisa da Semnaxveli institutebis Semosavlis umTavresi wyaroa. sanacvlod amgvari sesxebi sawarmoebis mimdinare angariSebis gadaxdasa da saqmianobis gafarToebis dafinansebaSi exmareba. sesxebi saSualebas aZlevs mosaxleobas saqoneli da momsaxureba axlave miiRon, maTi safasuri ki momavali Semosavlidan gadaixadon.
Tanxebis dagroveba da gadaricxva. klientis saCeko angariSebis marTva bevri bankis erT-erTi ZiriTadi funqciaa, riTac isini didad sasargeblo saqmes akeTeben, rogorc sawarmoTaTvis, ise calkeul pirTaTvis.
amrigad, am safinanso institutebis ZiriTadi daniSnulebaa, kreditorebidan msesxeblebamde da gamyidvelebidan myidvelebamde fuladi saxsrebis gadaadgilebaSi Suamavloba. efeqturi da konkurentuli finansuri sistema, sabanko regulireba, unda qmnides efeqtur da konkurentul garemoebas da eswrafvodes adekvaturi donis sabanko momsaxurebis ganxorcielebis miRwevas qveynis maStabiT. am safinanso ინსტიტუტიs ძირითადი ფუნქციებია: ფულადი სახსრების თავმოყრა, კრედიტების გაცემა, ფულადი ანგარიშსწორებები, მიმოქცევაში განსაზღვრული სახეობისა და რაოდენობის ფულის გაშვება, ფასიანი ქაღალდების ემისია და სხვა.
sabanko saqmis istoria. imisaTvis rom gavigoT arsi nebismieri ekonomikuri gamovlinebisa aucilebelia vicodeT misi ganviTarebis istoria. banki warmoiSva saqonlur-fulad uTierTobaTa ganviTarebis Sedegad. maT ganviTarebis didi da rTuli gza ganvles. misi warmoSoba Tavisi sawyisebiT uSualodaa dakavSirebuli, ama Tu im saxelmwifoSi vaWrobis da ekonomikis ganviTarebasTan da rogorc wesi civilizaciebis ganviTarebis proporciulad izrdeboda da ixveweboda am saqmianobis stili da saSualebebi. sasesxo sakredito saqmianobis adreuli SemTxvevebi dafiqsirebulia babilonSi, aseve asureTSi da mesopotamiaSi, Zv.w. VI saukuneSi. Hhamurabis kanonebis mixedviT sabanko operaciebi maSinac xorcieldeboda Taviseburi Tamasuqis da Cekis saxiT, sesxi-fuladi formis garda xorcieldeboda agreTve barteruli gacvla. Aam periodisaTvis sesxi gaicemoda samefo saganZuridan, Semdeg wlebSi ukve kerZo pirebsac miecaT imis ufleba, rom ewarmoebinaT sabanko saqme. Zvel saberZneTSi Cv.w aR-mde VI-VII saukuneebis mijnaze, aTenis ekonomikis ganviTarebis kvalobaze warmoiSva bankirTa prototipuli kerZo vaWarTa fena, romlebic Sesanaxad iRebdnen monetebs, Zvirfaseulobas da axdendnen procentebis gadaxdas depozitorTa sasargeblod. Zv.w II-I saukuneSi, romSi, Seiqmna sagadasaxado-safinanso institutebi, romelebic iRebdnen gadasaxadebs, awarmoebdnen angariSebs sakuTari klientebis sasargeblod, sazRauriT axdnendnen fulis gadaxurdavebas da sesxebis gacemas.
bankis warmoSoba win uswrebs fulis wamoSobas. Sua saukuneebSi
fulisa da simdidris Sesanaxad usafrTxo adgili iyo eklesia-monastrebi. aseve cnobilia, rom im droisaTvis arsebobda Taviseburi Tamasuqi da Ceki. Ffulis ZiriTadi forma im droisaTvis oqrosa da vercxlis monetebi iyo, romlebic satareblad mouxerxebelia. komerciuli operaciebi ufro usafrTxo da mosaxerxebeli rom gaexadaT xalxma daiwyo monetebis Cabareba adgilobrivi oqromWedlebisTvis, romlebic maT sanacvlod miRebis damadasturebel qviTrebs iZleodnen. adamianebi iRebdnen am qviTrebs radganac icodnen, rom nebismier dros SeeZloT waredginaT isini da Tavsi anabrebi ukan gamoeTxovaT. Aamgvari qviTrebis gamoyenebis gavrcelebam safuZveli Cauyara qaRaldis fulis yvelaze adreul formas dasvleT evropaSi.
pirveli Tanamedrove banki daarsda italiaSi qalaq genuaSi, 1406 wels, romelic wminda giorgis saxles atarebda. italiur enaSi banko, merxs, daxls, savaWros niSnavs. zarafebi da mevaxSeebi merxze atarebdnen TavianT operaciebs.
XVIII saukunis bolos e.w. samrewvelo revoluciam Sedegad is moitana, rom sul ufro met adamians gauCnda danazogi fuli, sxvebs ki-masze moTxovna, raTa warmoebaSi daebandebinaT. swored amitom, XVIII saukunidan iwyeba komerciuli bankebis ganviTareba. maTgan pirvels warmoadgenda Zmebi beringebis banki (Barings Bank). im periodidan dawyebuli, bankebi aRaraa is adgili, sadac TavianTi danazogi mxolod mdidar vaWrebs da Tavadebs SehqondaT. es tradicia warsuls Cabarda axla banks ubralod adamianebic akiTxaven.
Tbilisis saTavadaznauro-saadgimamulo banki aseve qarTuli banki daarsda 1874 wels ilia WavWavaZis TaosnobiT. Senoba, romelSic banki mdebareobda amJamad saqarTvelos parlamentis erovnuli biblioTekis I korpusia moTavsebuli. aRniSnuli banki xels uwyobda saqarTveloSi kapitalisturi urTierTobebis Camoyalibebas, emsaxureboda miwadmoqmedTa saerTo interesebs, afinansebda kulturul dawesebulebebs. amJamad saqarTvelos sabanko sistema orsafexuriani universaluri struqturaa, romelic moicavs monetaruli politikis warmmarTvel da maregulirebel organos_erovnul banks da komerciul banks.
komerciulma bankebma Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi sul 10-12 welia rac warmoqmna daiwyes da es umoklesi istoriuli drois monakveTi swrafi ganviTarebiT gaiares. saqarTvelos sabanko sistemam Tanamedrove etapze sakmaod soliduri baza SeiZina fuladi, sakredito, savaluto-safinanso da sxva operaciebis mxriv, romelic ekonomikaSi sabazro elementebis damkvidrebas uzrunvelyofs. sabazro ekonomikis moTxovnebis Sesatyvisi Tanamedrove sabanko sistemis Seqmna Tanamedrove etapze da momavalSic qarTuli ekonomikis strategiuli mizania.
yvela momsaxureba xorcieldeba msoflioSi miRebuli saerTaSoriso sabanko praqtikis Sesabamisad. dRes bankebi ara marto mxolod fulis Semnaxvelis rolis Semsruleblebi arian, aramed fulis mimoqcevisa da sakredito urTierTobebs uweven organizebas, isini fasiani qaRaldebis yidva gayidvas, sadazRvevo operaciebs, saSuamavlo urTierTobebs, qonebis marTvas axorcieleben.
nawilobrivi rezervebis sabanko sistemis Seqmna. rodesac pirveli erovnuli banki iqmneba, Tavdapirvelad is mxolod depozitur instituts warmoadgens. es imas niSnavs rom banki depozitebs iRebs, magram sexebs ar gascems. bankis ganviTarebis am etapze misi mizani aris depozitorebisaTvis fulis Sesanaxi usafrTxo adgilis uzrunvelyofa.
depozitebs, romelTac banki iRebs magram sesxad ar gascems rezervebi ewodeba. SemdgomSi, vinaidan bankis samuSao dRis ganmavlobaSi Setanili fulis raodenoba umetes SemTxvevaSi aRemateba bankidan gatanili fulis raodenobas, bankis damfuZneblebi iReben gadawyvetilebas depozitebis garkveuli nawilis (garkveuli sargebelis sanacvlod) gasesxebasTan dakavSirebiT. ise rom bankidan fulis gatanis msurvelTa moTxovnebic iqnes dakmayofilebuli. usafrTxoebis damatebiTi zomebis saxiT, banki itovebs depozitebis garkveul nawils. am Tanxebs ki bankis nawilobrivi rezervebi ewodeba. rezervebis raodenoba, romelic bankma xeluxleblad unda Seinaxos, gamoixateba bankis mTliani depozitebis wiliT, rasac rezervebis nomra ewodeba. amgavrad, rodesac banki rezervSi depozitebis mxolod nawils inaxavs, amiT is fuls qmnis. fulis im raodenobas, romelsac sabanko sistema qmnis rezervebis TiToeluli dolaridan, fuladi multiplikatori ewodeba. magram, es imas ar niSnavs rom bankebs SeuZliaT usazxvro mogeba miiRon. rac ufro maRalia rezervis norma miT, ufro naklebis gasesxeba SeuZlia banks, da piriqiT. ase magaliTad, Tu banks 1 milioni dolaris anabrebi aqvs, rezervis norma ki 15% procentia maSin is valdebulia rezervSi 150 000 dolari Seinaxos. danarCeni 850 aTasi dolari ki SeuZlia sxvadasxva saxiT gaasesxos. rezervis norma, rom 25 procenti iyos, maSin rezervSi Sesanaxi iqneboda 250 000 dolari, bankis kreditunarianoba ki 750 000 dolaramde Semcirdeboda.
komerciuli da erovnuli bankis TanamSromloba. saqarTveloSi moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT, komerciuli banki ganisazRvreba, rogorc erovnuli bankis mier licenzirebuli iuridiuli piri, romelic iRebs depozitebs da maTi meSveobiT Tavisi saxeliT awarmoebs kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvrul sabanko saqmianobas.
bankebi moqmedeben sakuTari komerciuli interesiT da isini Tavisufalni arian yoveldRiuri gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi. zogadad sabanko saqme aRiarebulia, rogorc sajaro interesebidan gamomdinare saqmianoba.
sabanko sistema aerTianebs or ZiriTad jgufs:
1) saemisio anu centraluri banki.
2) arasaemisio anu komerciuli banki.
“komerciuli bankebis saqmianobis Sesaxeb’’ saqarTvelos kanonis 2.1 muxlis Tanaxmad komerciuli bankis dafuZnebis msurvelebma jer unda Camoayalibon saaqcio sazogadoeba da Semdeg mimarTos licenzirebis gamcem organos sabanko saqmianobis licenziis misaRebad.
ÓÀØdResdReisobiT saqarTveloSi sabanko saqmianobas eweva 19 komerciuli, banki, maTgan aqtivebiT yvelaze msxvili bankebi arian: saqarTvelos banki, Tbs banki, prokredit banki, tao banki, bazisbanki da sxvebi. saqarTveloSi arsebul yvela komerciul banks zedamxedvelobas uwevs saqarTvelos erovnuli banki, rac saqarTvelos konstituciis 95-e, 96-e muxlebiT da saqarTvelos organuli kanonis ‘’saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis Sesaxeb’’ aris gansazRvruli. sabanko saqmianobis zedamxedvelobis mizania saqarTveloSi moqmedi komerciuli bankebisa da ucxoeTis bankebis filialebis saqmianobis regulirebis meSveobiT sabanko sistemis stabiluri finqcionirebis uzrunvelyofa.
erovnuli bankis ZiriTadi funqciebia:
a) SeimuSaos, miiRos da ganaxorcielos saxelmwifoSi fulad-sakredito politika;
b) SeimuSaos, miiRos da ganaxorcielos saqarTvelos savaluto politika;
g) ganaxorcielos sabanko saqmianobisa da bankebTan arsebuli valutis gamcvleli punqtebis licenzireba da zedamxedveloba;
d) flobdes, inaxavdes da gankargavdes oficialur saerTaSoriso rezervebs; iyos saqarTvelos bankiri, mrCeveli da fiskaluri agenti;
v) xels uwyobdes sagadasaxado sistemis efeqtian funqcionirebas;
z) xels uwyobdes saimedo da mdgradi safinanso-sakredito sistemis Camoyalibebas meanabreTa interesebis dacvis mizniT.
ÅËÏregulirebisa da kontrolis aucilebloba upirvelesad ganpirobebulia sabanko saqmianobis SesaZleblobebiT: uzarmazari kapitalis koncentraciisa da aseTive uzarmazari kapitaldabandebebis ganmaxorcielebel organizaciul warmonaqmns, saxelmwifos mxridan udavod esaWiroeba zedamxedveloba da kontroli. garda amisa, Tanamedrove sabanko zedamxedvelobas gaaCnia sruliad da naTlad gamokveTili miznebi, romlebsac ganekuTvneba: depozitorTa dacva, bankebis meSveobiT finansuri angariSsworebis ganxorcielebam, komersantebis, sawarmoebis da kerZo pirTa fuladi Tanxebis mniSvnelovani nawilis bankebisaTvis mindobam warmoSva amgavri regulirebis auclebloba
Tanamedrove komerciuli bankebi iseTi bankebia, romlebic warmoebisa da organizaciebis, aseve mosaxleobis uSualo momsaxurebas axorcieleben. sakuTrebis formis miuxedavad komerciuli bankebi ekonomikis damoukidebel subieqts warmoadgenen. maTi urTierTobebi klientebTan komerciul xasiaTs atarebs. komerciuli bankebis funqcionirebis ZiriTadi mizania maqsimaluri mogebis miReba.
nebismieri komerciuli banki licenziis misaRebad mimarTavs saqarTvelos erovnul banks, romelic gadawyvetilebas iRebs licenziis miniWeba ar miniWebis Sesaxeb araugvianes erTi Tvis vadisa. aseve erovnuli banki ganusazRvravs komerciul banks sazedamxedvelo kapitals. Tu romelime komerciul bankis saqmianobaSi SeiniSneba kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli darRvevebi an gauaresda bankis finansuri mdgomareoba, maSin erovnuli banki valdebulia daniSnos droebiTi administracia. droebiT administraciaze gadadis komerciuli bankis yvela organos, maT Soris aqcionerTa saerTo krebis sruli uflebamosileba. droebiTi administracia valdebulia miiRos yvela zoma komerciuli bankis finansuri mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad. sabanko licenziis gauqmebiT xdeba bankis likvidacia. likvidatoris funqcias asrulebs erovnuli bankis mier daniSnuli piri.
sabanko seqtori erT-erTi yvelaze ufro ganviTarebuli da dinamiuria saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi. amaze metyvelebs isic, rom ukanaskneli xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi, sabanko momsaxurebis nusxa mkveTrad gaizarda. kerZo pirebisa da kompaniebis sadepozito anabrebi 25-30%-iT izrdeba yovelwliurad. bankebi aqtivebze 3-5% sargebels iReben, xolo investiciebze ki 14-18%.
saqarTvelos xuTi umsxvilesi komerciuli bankidan wminda aqtivebis mixedviT, oTxi bankis (“saqarTvelos banki”, “Ti-bi-si banki”, “gaerTianebuli qarTuli banki”, da “saqarTvelos mikrosafinanso banki”) sawesdebo kapitalSi germanuli kapitali monawileobs. saqarTvelos komerciuli bankebis aqcionerebad ukve gvevlinebian germaniaSi cnobili kompaniebi: germaniis ganviTarebis saxelmwifo banki, komercbanki, germanuli investiciebisa da ganviTarebis sazogadoeba, martin baueri da saerTaSoriso mikro-sainvesticio kompania_germaniis sainvesticio fondi. aqcioneris finansuri siZliere uSualo kavSirSia bankis saimedoobasTan, mas SeuZlia SesaZlo sirTuleebis SemTxvevaSi komerciul banks aRmouCinos finansuri Tu mmarTvelobiTi mxardaWera..
dasavleTSi wamyvani bankebis garkveuli saxiT Semosvlam saqarTvelos sfinanso institutebSi xeli Seuwyo saxelmwifoSi sabanko seqtoris ganviTarebas, amaze metyvelebs isic rom saqarTvelos zogierTi komerciuli bankebi gaxdnen saerTaSoriso jildos mflobelni safinanso sferoSi. magaliTad aseTi bankia „saqarTvelos banki“, romelic 2008 wels jer saqarTveloSi gaxda saukeTeso bankis jildos mflobeli SemdegSi ki gamocema Global Finance-dan. Global Finance erT-erTo wamyvani saerTaSoriso gamocemaa globaluri kapitalis bazrebis Sesaxeb. igi 1987 wlidan ibeWdeba da ukve 15 welia yovelwliurad aqveynebs ganviTarebadi bazrebis saukeTeso bankebis sias aziis regionSi, 20 qveynis masStabiT. igi saukeTeso bankad or nominaciaSi_“ucxouri valutis yidva-gayidva” da “vaWrobis dafinanseba”_dasaxelda. igi dajildovebulia Euromoney-sgan, The Banker-isganac. saqarTvelos sabanko sferoSi Semosulia sxvadasxva dasavluri bankebi, romlebic xels uwyoben bankTa likvidurobas da kidev ufro ganviTarebas.
daskvna. saqarTveloSi sabanko industriis institucionaluri ganviTarebis erT-erT prioritetad saerTaSoriso organizaciebi depozitebis dazRvevis institutis SemoRebas miiCneven. depozitebis dazRvevis sistemis SemoRebam xeli unda Seuwyos depozitebis zrdas sabanko sistemaSi da mis stabilur ganviTarebas. saerTaSoriso sabanko praqtika cxadyofs, rom im qveynebSi sadac depozitebis dazRvevis sistemebi SemoiRes mniSvnelovnad gaizarda ndoba sabanko dawesebulebebisadmi.
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